Who is "Him who sent Me" (John 12:44, 45)?
God the Father.
So, what did Jesus mean by, "He who believes in Me
believes not in Me except in Him who sent me" (John 12:44)?
"He who believes in Me believes not in Me except in
God the Father." Jesus is once again expressing His - God the
Son's - oneness with God the Father in Trinity (see
Born Again), by saying that nobody can believe in Him - Jesus -
without believing in God the Father. Jesus then re-enforced His
statement by adding that those who see Him see God the Father:
"And he who sees Me sees Him who sent Me" (John 12:45).
Does Jesus judge those who don't believe in Him?
No: "If anyone hears My words and does not believe, I do not judge
him; for I did not come to judge the world but to save the world" (John 12:47).
But do they end up judged anyway?
Yes: "He who rejects Me, and does not receive My words, has that
which judges him - the word that I have spoken will judge him in the last day" (John 12:48).
Why does Jesus call Himself "light" (John 12:46) again?
He is making it clear that He is the light that He spoke of a few days
earlier (John 12:35-36) in response to their question recorded in John 12:34
(see see
Ruler of This World).
Why now?
For a couple of reasons. For one, this is not the same crowd that was trying
to crown Him king and have Him lead a revolt against the Romans. But more importantly, it is now one
to four days before the Passover and this is the last occasion Jesus addresses
the crowd before He lets Himself be arrested and crucified for our sins. The next seven chapters of John cover the
24 hours that led up to His sacrifice on the cross.