Who was “Quirinius” (Luke 2:2)?
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius was a Roman
general and governor who subdued at least two rebellious regions in the Roman Empire for
Caesar Augustus.
Born near Rome in 51 BC, Quirinius rose through the Roman ranks and at 37 years of age led a
campaign in 14 BC against the Marmaridae, a North African tribe that was plundering in Cyrenaica
(Libya today). After he defeated them,
Caesar Augustus made
him Consul in 12 BC and
dispatched him to put down the Homonadenses, a tribe that had risen up in
the mountains of Cilicia (Turkey today), which is adjacent
to Syria. Quirinius spent the next decade leading
military campaigns from Syria against and eventually defeating the Homonadenses
(source: Tacitus, Annales, 3.48), and was “governing Syria” (Luke 2:2) during
the time of the “census” (Luke 2:2).
Why would Quirinius lead military campaigns to Cilicia from Syria?
The Roman army for the empire’s eastern front was based in Syria, which
was a far more populous and strategic province than Cilicia. Syria's
Antioch was in fact the third largest city in the empire after Rome and
Alexandria.
Who were the resident Roman governors of Syria during this period?
Marcus
Titius from 12 BC to 9 BC, Gaius Saturninus from 9 BC to 7 BC, and Publius Varus
from 7 BC to 4 BC.
Then where does Quirinius fit in?
Caesar Augustus typically
appointed one Imperial Legate (Legatus
Augusti pro praetore) to govern (hegemoneuo)
as his emissary in each imperial province. Under extraordinary
circumstances, however, usually involving wars or putting down
rebellions, he and his successors dispatched, if needed, a second Imperial Legate to lead the war effort
and deal with other ‘external’ affairs of the province while the
resident Imperial Legate managed the province’s
normal ‘domestic’ affairs. For example, when the Jews rebelled
against Rome, Vespasian was dispatched as the Imperial Legate to crush it in 67 AD, starting from
southern Syria, while Mucianus, the resident Imperial Legate, remained in northern Syria and managed the province’s
normal affairs. Likewise, during the Roman-Parthian War (63-58 AD), Corbulo was dispatched as the Imperial Legate to lead the Roman army
in Syria against the Parthians, while Quadratus, the resident
Imperial Legate of Syria at that time, remained behind. From 12 BC to 4
BC, Titius, Saturninus and Varus took turns managing Syria’s ‘domestic’
affairs while Quirinius was in charge of Syria’s ‘external’ affairs, not
just the war effort against the Homonadenses, since Luke mentions him
“governing Syria” (Luke 2:2) at the time of this census in Judea, which
was adjacent to and being managed from Syria.
Why couldn’t Titius, Saturninus and Varus fight the Homonadenses?
Besides being occupied with the normal affairs of running a province, not all Roman governors
were able to fight wars. When they arrived in Syria, Titius, for
example,
was an old man, and Varus had no military experience. In fact, when
Caesar Augustus later moved Varus to
be the Imperial Legate of
Germania (Germany today), he marched the three Roman legions under his
command into an ambush in which all ~18,000 Roman soldiers were
annihilated by German tribesmen in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest (9 AD),
handing Rome its worst military defeat during the reign of Augustus, who
is said to have been devastated by the news and to have occasionally
muttered for years thereafter, “Vare, Legiones
Redde!”, which is Latin for “Varus, Give me back my
legions!”
Could Quirinius have been serving under Titius,
Saturninus and Varus?
Each Roman legion was commanded by a Legional Legate
(Legatus Legionis). To have the authority to command multiple
legions and their Legional Legates in the war against the Homonadenses,
Quirinius had to have held the rank of Imperial Legate (Legatus Augusti pro praetore), the same rank as the one held by Titius, Saturninus and Varus, and which carried the authority to govern an imperial province.
Why do Roman records say Quirinius governed Syria in 6-12 AD?
To cap off his career, Quirinius returned to Syria in 6 AD as the resident Imperial
Legate, oversaw a second census, this time just
for the region, which is mentioned in
Acts 5:37 (see
Gamaliel), and governed the province for six years before
retiring to Rome in 12 AD at 63 years of age. This is why Luke 2:2
specifies the census as the “first” one
“taken while Quirinius was governing
Syria.”
Is there an explicit secular corroboration of Quirinius
having governed Syria while
waging war against the Homonadenses?
Not yet, but neither was there such secular corroboration of Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor who sentenced Jesus to be crucified
(see
Praetorium). The absence of anyone named Pontius Pilate in Roman
archaeology led many Bible skeptics to claim that he was a fictional character,
until 1961 when
Pontius Pilate’s
name was discovered engraved on a limestone fragment in the ruins of the
Roman stadium in Caesarea. While the infallible Word of God (see
Origin of the Bible) doesn't require corroboration by fallible
secular sources, it should be noted that as archaeology and other
sciences advance, more and more of the Bible continue to be corroborated
(see
examples).